Striatal Morphological and Functional Alterations Induced by Prenatal Alcohol Exposure

Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) is an insidious yet preventable cause of developmental disability. The prenatal stage is a critical period for brain development with the concurrence of high vulnerability to the acute and prolonged effects of PAE. There is substantial evidence from both human observations and laboratory experiments that PAE is a common risk factor that predisposes to an array of postnatal mental disorders, including emotional, cognitive, and motor deficits. Although it is well accepted that PAE causes substantial morbidity, available treatments are limited. One reason is the lack of sufficient understanding about the neuroalterations induced by PAE, and how these changes contribute to PAE-induced mental disorders. Among a number of brain structures that have been explored extensively in PAE, the striatum has attracted great attention in the last 20 years in the field of PAE neurobiology. Interestingly, in animal models, the striatum has been considered as a pivotal switch of brain dysfunction induced by PAE, such as addiction, anxiety, depression, and neurodegeneration. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the understanding of morphological and functional changes in brain regions related to alterations after PAE, in particular the striatum. Because this region is central for behavior, emotion and cognition, there is an urgent need for more studies to uncover the PAE-induced alterations at the circuit, neuronal, synaptic and molecular levels, which will not only improve our understanding of the neuroplasticity induced by PAE, but also provide novel biological targets to treat PAE-related mental disorders with translational significance

On Quadratic g-Evaluations/Expectations and Related Analysis

In this paper we extend the notion of g-evaluation, in particular g-expectation, to the case where the generator g is allowed to have a quadratic growth. We show that some important properties of the g-expectations, including a representation theorem between the generator and the corresponding g-expectation, and consequently the reverse comparison theorem of quadratic BSDEs as well as the Jensen inequality, remain true in the quadratic case. Our main results also include a Doob-Meyer type decomposition, the optional sampling theorem, and the up-crossing inequality. The results of this paper are important in the further development of the general quadratic nonlinear expectations.Comment: 27 page

Triple Derivations and Triple Homomorphisms of Perfect Lie Superalgebras

In this paper, we study triple derivations and triple homomorphisms of perfect Lie superalgebras over a commutative ring $R$. It is proved that, if the base ring contains $\frac{1}{2}$, $L$ is a perfect Lie superalgebra with zero center, then every triple derivation of $L$ is a derivation, and every triple derivation of the derivation algebra $Der (L)$ is an inner derivation. Let $L,~L^{'}$ be Lie superalgebras over a commutative ring $R$, the notion of triple homomorphism from $L$ to $L^{'}$ is introduced. We proved that, under certain assumptions, homomorphisms, anti-homomorphisms, and sums of homomorphisms and anti-homomorphisms are all triple homomorphisms.Comment: 12pages in Indagationes Mathematicae, 201